No todas las teorías de conspiración relacionadas con el Área 51 involucran a pequeños hombres verdes (o grises). Algunos giran en torno a una organización (o grupo de organizaciones) en la sombra dedicada a lograr el Nuevo Orden Mundial. Los ovnis y las historias de ingeniería inversa son solo tácticas que utilizan estas organizaciones para distraer al público de su objetivo real:dominar el mundo.
Una afirmación común a las declaraciones de Lazar y las teorías de otros entusiastas de los ovnis es una organización secreta conocida como MJ-12, a veces llamado Majestic o Majic 12. Este grupo originalmente incluía una docena de individuos extremadamente poderosos como el presidente Harry S. Truman, los jefes de organizaciones como la CIA y poderosos empresarios. Han aparecido documentos que se informa que pertenecen a este grupo, principalmente como descubrimientos del ufólogo William L.Moore, incluidos los documentos con las firmas presidenciales. Los escépticos examinaron estos documentos y descubrieron muchas señales de que son falsos, incluyendo firmas que parecían haber sido copiadas de otros documentos oficiales y pegadas en los papeles del MJ-12 [fuentes:UFO Casebook, FBI]. Los teóricos de la conspiración denuncian a los escépticos como engañados o realmente empleados por el gobierno.
Otros teóricos dicen que los documentos MJ-12 son falsos, pero falsificaciones oficiales hechas por el gobierno para desviar a la gente. La mayoría de los creyentes caen en uno de varios grupos, ya menudo cada grupo acusará a los demás de promover activamente la desinformación para ocultar la verdad.
Las teorías más extremas sobre los extraterrestres en el Área 51 afirman que no solo son extraterrestres aquí en la Tierra, ellos dirigen el espectáculo. Aparentemente, el gobierno de los Estados Unidos ha acordado permitir que los extraterrestres secuestran personas a voluntad, experimentar con estos ciudadanos indefensos e incluso molerlos hasta convertirlos en una pasta que luego se unta a los extraterrestres como fuente de nutrición.
Otros teóricos dicen que los extraterrestres están aquí para usar a los humanos para crear una criatura híbrida, ya que los propios extraterrestres ya no pueden reproducirse por sí mismos. Algunos ofrecen esperanza con informes de tiroteos entre fuerzas gubernamentales y extraterrestres, resultando en el regreso del gobierno al poder.
" " El buzón negro (ahora blanco) Foto cortesía de Glenn Campbell
Debido a que el espacio aéreo alrededor y por encima del Área 51 se utiliza para vuelos de prueba y misiones de entrenamiento, es muy posible (e incluso probable) que vea aviones volando por encima. A veces, ese avión puede ser exótico, quizás incluso inidentificable para el ojo inexperto. Incluso los aviones familiares pueden engañarlo haciéndole creer que ha visto algo que no es de esta Tierra.
Los escépticos señalan que muchos avistamientos de ovnis informados coinciden convenientemente con la llegada diaria programada de los vuelos de Janet a la base. Muchos de los proyectos anteriormente clasificados en el Área 51 realmente parecen ser de otro mundo. Los UAV en particular parecen extraños, ya que no requieren cabina ni puertas. Además, muchos ejercicios de entrenamiento usan bengalas brillantes para disparar misiles o incluso simplemente para distraer a los espectadores mientras los aviones secretos realizan maniobras.
Un lugar popular para observar los ovnis es el "Black Mailbox" en Nevada Highway 375 (también conocido como Extraterrestrial Highway). El buzón pertenece a un ranchero local y se hizo famoso cuando Robert Lazar dijo que era el lugar al que llevaría a la gente para ver vuelos de prueba programados de naves espaciales extraterrestres. Hoy dia, el buzón ha sido repintado de blanco y el ranchero ha dicho muchas veces que no cree que ninguna de las naves que vuelan sobre su cabeza sea de origen extraño [fuente:Powers].
En la siguiente sección, veremos parte de la controversia que rodea al Área 51.
Controversia en el Área 51
Los trabajadores del Área 51 han tenido que soportar condiciones difíciles desde los primeros días de la instalación. En la década de 1950, cuando el foco de la base estaba probando el avión espía U-2, la CIA tuvo que cesar sus operaciones y evacuar la instalación debido a las pruebas nucleares cercanas en el vecino sitio de pruebas de Nevada (NTS). A veces, la Comisión de Energía Atómica (AEC) anunciaba pruebas antes de lo programado para permitir que los residentes cercanos tuvieran tiempo de evacuar si lo consideraban necesario. pero otras veces las pruebas quedarían sin previo aviso. Los resultados de estas pruebas se pudieron ver desde ciudades a 100 millas (161 kilómetros) de distancia. La gente de Las Vegas solía organizar viajes a los picos cercanos y hacer un picnic a la vista de las nubes en forma de hongo.
En 1957, una de esas pruebas llamada HOOD era parte de un programa general llamado Operación Plumbbob, que fue diseñado para ver si las bombas nucleares dañadas emitían niveles dañinos de radiactividad. El AEC detonó un dispositivo nuclear de 74 kilotones 1, 500 pies (457 metros) sobre el Área 9 del NTS. Este fue el estallido aéreo más poderoso jamás detonado sobre los Estados Unidos continentales [fuente:Departamento de Energía]. La AEC no anunció la prueba antes de tiempo, aunque le dijeron al Área 51 que evacuara de antemano. La explosión resultante causó algunos daños menores en el Área 51, principalmente algunas ventanas y puertas rotas. La radiación era una preocupación mucho mayor, y, De hecho, el suelo del Área 51 ha absorbido mucha radiación durante años de pruebas nucleares.
Área de limpieza 51
En 1980, el gobierno autorizó un programa para eliminar la tierra irradiada alrededor del lago Groom. Las fotos satelitales confirman que los equipos eliminaron grandes cantidades de suciedad del área. Las ciudades circundantes informaron aumentos en las tasas de cáncer y muchas demandaron al gobierno (con diversos grados de éxito), alegar que las pruebas les hicieron enfermarse.
Otro peligro en el Área 51 involucró la eliminación de tecnología y vehículos clasificados. En la década de 1980, las cuadrillas del Área 51 cavaron a lo grande, pozos abiertos y vertidos materiales tóxicos en ellos. They burned the materials using jet fuel and suffered exposure to chemicals and fumes [source:Jacobs].
According to a lawsuit filed against several government officials, the workers requested safety equipment such as breathing masks, but were denied due to budgetary concerns. When they asked if they might bring their own equipment, their superiors told them that for security reasons they could not bring outside equipment into the base, except gloves. Several civilian employees became sick from the exposure -- two eventually died. Helen Frost, the widow of Area 51 employee Robert Frost, and several Groom Lake employees worked with attorney Jonathan Turley to file the lawsuit [source:Jacobs].
One interesting item from the lawsuit that has since caused a big stir in Area 51 circles is the submission of an unclassified security manual into evidence. Turley argued that the manual not only proved the base existed, it also proved the government was aware of the dangers of handling hazardous waste and acted with negligence toward the employees at Area 51. The government retroactively classified the security manual, and Judge Philip Pro didn't allow it as evidence [source:Jacobs]. Some claim the manual to be a fake, though if this is the case it raises a question -- why would the government declare a fake document to be classified information?
President Bill Clinton signed an executive order in September 1995 exempting Area 51 from disclosure of the results of Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) investigations of the site. The order referred to Area 51 as "the Air Force's operating location near Groom Lake, Nevada." Judge Pro eventually dismissed the lawsuit on the grounds that investigation into the claims constituted a breach of national security. Turley argued that this set a dangerous precedent in that the government could now hide crimes through the excuse of national security [source:Jacobs]. The policy relieved the government of accountability to the people it represents.
Area 51 still allows the EPA to inspect the facility to ensure it meets environmental requirements. Sin embargo, all reports are classified and can't be published. Many argue that without publication of the results, the facility remains unaccountable. Clinton's executive order permits the reports to remain sealed, despite the fact that the law requires all such reports be made available to the public. The president must renew the order each year, and as of 2013, that's still the case.
En la siguiente sección, we'll look at the town of Rachel, Nev., which has received more than its share of attention as the closest town to Area 51.
The Truth is Out There Area 51 is the most well-known secret facility ever created. It's been an important setting for numerous novels, films, television shows, video games and music. But two examples stand out as being particularly important. The long-running TV show "The X-Files" and the hit movie "Independence Day" both followed UFOlogists' theories about the real purpose of the base .
Living in the Shadow of Area 51 " " Pat and Joe Travis, owners of the Little A'Le'Inn, posed in front of their motel in Rachel, Nev., in 1996. James Aylott/Hulton Archive/Getty Images
You might think that living close to a place like Area 51 could make you a little strange. A visit to Rachel, Nev., might just change your suspicion to certainty. The town is populated by 54 people (according to the 2010 census), most of whom have a strong sense of independence and more than a touch of eccentricity.
According to former Rachel resident Glenn Campbell, Rachel's documented history began on March 22, 1978, at 5:45 p.m. Not many towns can narrow down their origins so precisely. Campbell points out that on that date, power companies first supplied the Sand Springs Valley with electricity. Before this momentous occasion, only a few hardy farmers and a mining company occupied the valley [source:Campbell and Grover].
In the 1970s, small numbers of people with a pioneering spirit and desire to live their lives free of interference began to settle the valley. One of those families was the Joneses, who became famous in their small community upon the birth of Rachel Jones, the first child born in the valley. The loose community felt the name Sand Springs lacked distinction and Rachel's birth marked an important event in the town's history. So they named the town Rachel. The Joneses didn't stick around much longer, and sadly, Rachel passed away from a respiratory ailment at the age of 3 [source:Campbell and Grover].
There's very little to see in Rachel, but it does feature a motel and bar called the Little A'Le'Inn (get it?), a Baptist church and a senior center and thrift store.
Rachel is home to several interesting characters, many of whom have pet theories about Area 51. A few work for the Air Force, though that's about as much information as you'll get from them. Pat and Joe Travis run the Little A'Le'Inn and have made a business out of selling T-shirts and alien-themed souvenirs. Todavía, most of the people in Rachel will tell you they don't think the UFOs are anything other than flares, UAVs or military aircraft on training missions.
Glenn Campbell established the Area 51 Research Center. He would often go to a lookout spot he named Freedom Ridge where he could legally view the facility from several miles away. Campbell wrote a newsletter called the Desert Rat, keeping people up-to-date on activities at the base. He campaigned against what he considered to be excessive government secrecy, arguing that the government was creating an environment of mistrust with the public. He also created a Web site that linked to dozens of news stories and timelines about the base. Although he no longer updates the site, it's still available for you to explore. Campbell has since moved on from his focus on the secret base and no longer lives in Rachel.
The residents of Rachel seem to treat interest in their community with bemused patience. To them, sonic booms in the middle of the night and bright light shows are all normal, everyday events. Just about everyone in the valley has had to replace a window cracked by a sonic boom or held a piece of airplane wreckage (Area 51's history includes several spectacular crashes).
En la siguiente sección, we'll look at a timeline for Area 51 from its founding to the present.
A Brief History of Area 51
Durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial, the Army Air Corps (precursor to our modern Air Force) built several runways in Nevada, including a pair of small runways at Groom Lake. They named the spot the Army Air Corps Gunnery School. After the 1940s, the runways were abandoned [source:Mahood].
In the early 1950s, the CIA entered a partnership with Lockheed to develop high altitude aircraft to use in surveillance missions. Clarence "Kelly" Johnson of Lockheed helmed the project. He formed a department of engineers and test pilots that eventually took on the name Skunk Works . The Skunk Works department was famous for being very secretive and nearly fanatical in the pursuit of their goals.
The CIA and Johnson both knew that secrecy was critical to their success, and so Johnson needed to find a location to develop and test secret aircraft. He wanted a location that was remote enough to avoid notice, yet still close enough to a major city so that supplying the facility would not be a monumental task. The site would need to be easily accessible by aircraft and out of the way of commercial and military flight paths. It would also need space to house a sizable force of military and civilian employees.
In 1955, he traveled to Nevada with test pilot Tony LeVier, special assistant to the CIA director, Richard Bissell and Air Force liaison, Col. Osmond Ritland, to find a good place to use as a base of operations for test flights. Ritland trained at the Gunnery School and told Johnson about it. Johnson decided the location was ideal for their operations [source:Merlin].
Johnson named the area "Paradise Ranch" as a way to encourage workers to move there. Eventually it was just called "The Ranch."
Four months later, crews completed the initial construction. U-2 test flights began and President Dwight Eisenhower signed an executive order restricting the airspace over Groom Lake. The CIA, the Atomic Energy Commission and Lockheed oversaw base operations. Finalmente, control of the base would pass to the Department of Energy and the Air Force.
Roswell Versus Area 51 While Area 51 and Roswell are often mentioned in the same breath, the two locations are pretty far from each other. Roswell is in New Mexico and, according to Google Maps, is 891 miles (1, 433 kilometers) away from Area 51. The trip would take you more than 15 hours to get there by car, and by most reports it's not a very exciting drive.
A Time Line of Events at Area 51
The following is a time line beginning soon after Area 51's construction [sources:Mahood, Merlin, Collins, Jacobsen]:
1957: The AEC distributes "Background Information on Nevada Nuclear Tests" to the press. The booklet describes a small base at Groom Lake called the Watertown Project. The booklet claimed the facility was part of a project to study weather.
1961: The restricted airspace expands upward, but not outward -- it measures 5 by 9 nautical miles (9 by 17 kilometers) in size, but extends up to space and is designated R-4808N. A year later, the Department of the Air Force expands the space again, but this time the perimeter grows to 22 by 20 nautical miles. (41 by 37 kilometers). This forms the "Groom Box, " or just "the Box, " as it is known today. No flights, whether commercial or military, are allowed in the restricted space (except the test flights from the base itself).
1962: The first A-12 arrives at Groom Lake. The first test flight takes place two months after the aircraft's arrival to the base. CIA pilots arrive at the base nearly a year later to begin flight training.
1967: The first MiG 21, a Soviet aircraft, arrives at Groom Lake. Officials name the testing program of MiG aircraft "Have Doughnut." Some pilots begin to call the restricted airspace above Groom Lake "Red Square."
1977: Years before the public became aware of the Stealth Fighter, the first F-117A prototype arrives at Area 51. It's called the "Have Blue."
mil novecientos ochenta y dos: The first flight of the vehicle known as "Tacit Blue" takes place at Groom Lake. Like the F-117A, Tacit Blue is a stealth vehicle.
1984: The base petitions for an additional 89, 000 acres of land to increase the size of restricted space around the facility. Guards forbid the public from entering this area before it is officially withdrawn, raising concern and criticism of illegality from locals and tourists. The land request is approved by Congress three years later.
1988: A Soviet satellite photographs Area 51. Popular Science magazine runs the photograph, giving most U.S. citizens their first chance to glimpse the secret base.
1989: Robert Frost, a civilian employee at Area 51, muere. An autopsy shows that his body contained high levels of dangerous chemicals like dioxin and dibenzofuran. His widow, Helena and other affected workers, file a lawsuit against several government officials, in 1994. Frost claims her husband died as a result of exposure to dangerous chemicals.
1989: Robert Lazar appears on television and claims to have worked on reverse engineering alien technology at a site not far from Groom Lake.
1995: Area 51 acquires two locations popular with tourists and curious locals, Freedom Ridge and White Sides Peak, and closes them to the public. President Clinton signs an executive order exempting Area 51 from legislation and investigation in order to preserve national security.
1996: Nevada names Route 375, formerly known as the "loneliest highway in America, " the "Extraterrestrial Highway." Skeptics around the world groan in unison.
2007: It appears that crews are building a new hangar, much larger than the existing hangar. One Web site claims the hangar's size to be 200 by 500 feet (61 by 152 meters) and 100 feet tall (30 meters).
2009: Several former Area 51 staffers, including two former military test pilots, described their work at the site.
2013: Area 51 is identified by that name for the first time in declassified CIA documents, though all operations at the facility are still kept secret. No mention is made of aliens in the documents.
2017: The New York Times reported that between 2007 and 2012, the Pentagon spent $22 million annually to study UFOs at the request of Senate majority leader Harry Reid. The program ended when funding dried up.
2019 :Over 1 million people signed up to a joke Facebook event calling for folks to raid Area 51 and "see them aliens." The Air Force was not amused, reminding would-be raiders that "[Area 51] is an open training range for the U.S. Air Force, " according to the Washington Post.
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